LIHAT RAHASIA : Contoh Makalah Penelitian Analisis Proses Fonologis Bahasa Batak Toba
Kumpulan contoh struktur makalah penelitian untuk mahasiswa-sma-smp lengkap
THE PHONOLOGICAL PROCESS
OF THE BATAK TOBA LANGUAGE
Sanggam Siahaan
ABSTRACT
Penelitian ini ialah tentang analisis proses fonologis Bahasa Batak Toba. Masalah yang dikaji difokuskan pada pengetahuan penutur bahasa Batak Toba tersebut tentang pola-pola bunyi yang yang ada pada bahasa itu. Untuk menjawab masalah tersebut, adapun rancangan penelitian yang dilakukan ialah penelitian kwalitatif descriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penutur bahasa Batak Toba mengetahui empat macam proses fonologis sebagai berikut: assimilation, syllable structure, weakening and strengthening, and neutralization. Temuan tersebut menunjukkan bahwa secara umum penutur bahasa Batak Toba memiliki pengetahuan tata bahasa universal di bidang proses fonologis.
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Key words: phonological process, assimilation, syllable structure, weakening and strengthening, neutralization
1. INTRODUCTION
The native speakers of a natural language can produce and perceive a large number of speech sounds (Pike, 1975; Roach, 2000; and Elgin, 1973). It is assumed that they have some subconscious knowledge about the system of the speech sounds (Falk, 1978; Wilkins, 1972). What is investigated in this article is to discover the Batak Toba native speakers’ knowledge on the sound patterns of their language. This knowledge concerns with the principles that determine how their sounds vary and pattern in their language to serve its function as a tool of communication. The variation and pattern of the speech sound they produce and perceive are assumed as well governed by some principles, which are called by the linguists as the rules of the phonological process.
2. THE THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
An approach, which is used in this article to study the sound pattern of a language under some principles, deals with the generative phonology (O’grady and Dobrosky, 1996; Kenstowicz and Kisseberth, 1979). Under this discussion, the variation and pattern of the speech sounds are called phonological process . Accordingly, it is assumed that when morphemes are combined to form words, the speech sounds at the neighboring morphemes undergo change, i.e., forming a pattern or variation. All the potential changes are called the phonological process.
As languages constitute universal grammar (Kartz, 1966; Rosenberg and Travis, 1971), linguists also validate that phonological process of any language can be divided into four kinds (Kartz, 1966). First, assimilation is a process in which phoneme that is that a consonant can pick up features of a vowel, or influence another, or a vowel can effect another, or a vowel can extend onto a consonant, or a segment can undergo palatalization and labialization. These principles are made to construct the conceptual knowledge that can describe the subconscious knowledge of the native speakers of languages universally. Second, syllable structure is a process in which there is a relative distribution of consonants and vowels within the word. In it, consonants or vowels can be deleted or inserted. Two phonemes can coalesce into a single phoneme. A phoneme can change the major features, such as a vowel becoming a glide. Two phonemes can interchange. A process can also cause an alteration in the original syllable structure. Third, weakening and strengthening is a process in which a syllabic structure can become more simple or complex. A structure, which becomes simpler, is called weakening, while the one which becomes more complex is called strengthening. And last, neutralization is a process in which phonological distinctions are reduced in a particular environment, so segments which contrast in one environment have the same representation in the environment of neutralization.
3. THE RESEARCH METHOD
3.1. The Research Design
The research of this article is a qualitative design. Such a research design, according to Badudu (1988), and Lincoln and Guba (1985), Miles (1984) is more adaptable to dealing with the multiple realities of the object of the study. This design accords to the characteristics of the research problem of this article containing several kinds of the phonological process, which can be divided into four types are assimilation, syllable structure, weakening and strengthening, and neutralization. Further, they state that the design can expose the nature of the problem directly since the intricacies of the problem pattern and nature are well understood by the researcher himself on the orientation of the theoretical framework he is applying to identify the intricacies, and assess them.
3.2. The subject of Research
The subject of research is the native speakers of the Batak Toba language who live in Pematangsiantar, North Sumatera Province in Indonesia.
3.3. The sample of Research
The samples of research are some native speakers of the language who live in Pematangsiantar city. They are educated native speakers who do not have any physical defection and assumed to be reliable for the source of phonological process data for this research. This sample is assumed to be representative for the whole population of the native speakers of the Batak Toba language.
3.4. Object of the Research
The object of study in this research is the phonological process of the Batak Toba Language. This object is divided into assimilation, syllable structure, weakening and strengthening, and neutralization. The focus of analysis is emphasized on the principles or rules that govern each type of the phonological process.
3.5. The Technique of Analysis
The technique of the data analysis is based on the theory of the phonological process discussed in the section of theoretical framework discussed above. The data is classified according to the phonological types. Then, each type is analyzed according to its theory to find out the rules or principles that govern its occurrences in the process.
4. THE DATA ANALYSIS OF PHONOLOGICAL PROCESS OF THE BATAK TOBA LANGUAGE
4.1. Assimilation
Assimilation in the Batak Toba language can be classified into: 1. Consonant Assimilate Features; 2. Vowel Assimilates Consonant Features; 3. Consonant Assimilates Consonant Features; and 4. Vowel Assimilate Vowel Features.
4.1.1. Vowel Assimilates Consonant Feature
1. Nasalization and Palatalization
A vowel is extended to be a nasal velar consonant when its distribution is preceded by a nasal bilabial consonant and followed by an open front vowel
Examples:
‘attuk ‘beat’ ma’ŋattuk ‘to beat’
‘aŋkat ‘lift’ maŋaŋkat ‘to lift’
‘asom ‘lime’ maŋasom ‘to add some lime juice to a certain dish’
2. Nasalization and Alveolarization
A vowel is extended to be a nasal alveolar consonant when its distribution is preceded by a nasal bilabial consonant and followed by a voiceless plosive alveolar consonant.
Examples:
‘tutjaŋ ‘kick’ ma’nutjaŋ ‘to kick’
‘takkup ‘catch’ ma’nakkup ‘to catch’
‘tallik ‘cut’ ma’nallik ‘to cut’
4.1.2. Consonant Assimilates Vowel Feature
1.Nasalization and Bilabialization
In this process, the feature of a vowel is extended to a nasal bilabial consonant. It is called bilabialization in which the vowel is superimposed to the following nasal bilabial consonant.
Examples:
‘lakku ‘sale’ lak’kum ‘your sale’
‘sakku ‘pocket’ sak’kum ‘your pocket’
‘baju’ dress’ ba’jum ‘ your dress’
‘api’ ‘fire’ a’pim ‘your fire’
‘babi’ ‘pig’ babim ‘your pig’
2. Nasalization and Alveolarization
In this process, the feature of a vowel is extended to a nasal Alveolar consonant. It is called Alveolarization in which the vowel is superimposed to the following nasal alveolar consonant.
Examples:
‘lakku ‘sale’ lak’kuna ‘his sale’
‘sakku ‘pocket’ sak’kuna’‘his pocket’
‘baju’ dress’ ba’juna ‘ his dress’
‘api’ ‘fire’ a’pina ‘his fire’
‘babi’ ‘pig’ babina ‘his pig’
4.1.3. Consonant Assimilates Consonant Feature
1. Bilabialization
In this process, the feature of the voiceless plosive consonant is extended to the following adjacent fricative glottal consonant.
Examples:
‘litap’ ‘wet’ ho ‘you’ ‘litappon ‘You are wet.’
‘to’rop’ ‘a lot of’ ho ‘you’ to’roppon ‘you are a lot of people’
‘hatop ‘quick’ ho ‘you’ hatoppon ‘Be quick’
2. Alveolarization
In this process, the feature of the voiceless alveolar consonant is extended to the following adjacent fricative glottal consonants.
Examples:
‘dompet ‘wallet’ hu ‘my’ dompettu ‘my wallet’
‘lappet ‘cake’ hu ‘my’ lap’pettu ‘my cake’
‘ceret ‘teapot’ hu ‘my’ ce’rettu ‘my teapot’
3. Velarization
In this process the feature of the voiceless plosive and nasal velar consonants are extended to the following adjacent fricative consonant.
Examples:
te’dak ‘transparant -hon te’dakkon ‘Be transparant!’
‘ribak ‘torn’ -hon ri’bakkon ‘Torn!’
‘gulaŋ ‘roll’ -hon gu’lakkon ‘Roll!’
‘taŋ ‘mature’ -hon ‘takkon ‘Be mature!’
4.1.4. Vowel Assimilates Vowel Feature
This process has a harmony between the vowel of the last syllable of a root and the vowel of its suffix.
Example 1:
‘diri ‘personality’ diri’mi ‘your personality’
‘nipi ‘dream’ nipi’mi ‘your dream’
‘ŋiŋi’ ‘tooth’ ŋiŋi’mi ‘your tooth’
‘api ‘fire’ api’mi ‘your fire’
The close high Front vowel of the last syllable of a root agrees with the same vowel of its suffix.
Example 2:
‘diri ‘personality’ diri’na ‘his/her personality’
‘nipi ‘dream’ nipi’na ‘his/her dream’
‘ŋiŋi’ ‘tooth’ ŋiŋi’ na ‘his/her tooth’
‘api ‘fire’ api’ na ‘his/her fire’
The close high Front vowel of the last syllable of a root agrees with an open front vowel of its suffix.
4.2. Syllable Structure
Syllabic structure processes in Batak Toba language can be classified into consonant deletion, vowel deletion, Consonant insertion, vowel insertion, consonant Coalescence, vowel coalescence, coalescence of vowel and consonant, major class changes, and metathesis.
4.2.1. Consonant Deletion
In this process, the initial nasal bilabial consonant /m/ of a root drops if the root is in combination with the prefix variant Ma-, i.e., maŋ-.
Examples:
marobur’broken down’ maŋarobur ‘to break down’
mutcat ’move’ maŋutcat ‘to move’
mintor ‘directly’ maŋintor ‘to be direct’
mago ‘ lost’ maŋago ‘to ruin’
4.2.2. Vowel Deletion
In this process a vowel of a syllable in a word [sometimes the last syllable or part of the last syllable of a two-syllabled word] drops when the word precede the “jo” means ‘please’.
Examples:
dia ‘give it to me’ jo ‘please.’ ‘dijo ‘give me, please!’
nian ‘that one’ jo ‘please’ ‘nijo ‘that one, please!’
awas ‘excuse me’ jo ‘please.’ ‘acjo ‘Excuse me, please!’
In this process, the vowel of the prefix pa- drops when it combines with a root started with the trill alveolar consonant /t/.
Examples:
rarat ‘spread up’ prarat ‘to spread up’
rapat ‘close’ prapat ‘to get close’
rarak ‘plentiful’ prarak ‘to make plentiful’
rurus ‘drop all’ prurus ‘to drop all’
ruak ‘open up’ pruak ‘to open up’
rimas ‘bad temper’ primas ‘to get bad temper’
4.2.3. Consonant Insertion
One of these consonants: /k/, /ŋ/, /n/, /p/, /s/, and /t/ can be inserted in to the words which are formated based on the prefix Ma-.
Examples:
hata ‘say’ makkata ‘to talk much about’
ido ‘ask for’ maŋido ‘to ask for’
tutjaŋ ‘step on’ manutjaŋ ‘to step on’
pastap ‘slap’ mamastap ‘to slap’
suan ‘plant’ marsuan ‘to plan’
tait ‘pul’ mantait ‘to pul’
4.2.4. Vowel Insertion
In some case, the vowel /i/ is added to the end of a certain verb. The vowel does not change the verb, but together with the previous consonant, it functions to break the word syllables by adding an additional syllable to the word.
Examples:
allaŋ ‘eat’ allaŋi ‘eat’
tallik ‘cut’ talliki ‘cut’
inum ‘drink’ inumi ‘drink’
isap ‘smok’ isapi ‘smoke’
jalo ‘receive’ jaloi ‘receive’
4.2.5. Consonant Coalescence
In this process, two continuous consonants /r/ are replaced by a single one.
Examples:
tar- rappiŋ ‘come off’ tarappiŋ ‘to come off accidently
tar- rabi ‘cut off’ tarabi ‘to cut off accidently’
tar- rarat ‘widen’ tararat ‘to widen accidently’
tar- ratcun ‘poison’ taratcun ‘to poison accidently’
4.2.6. Vowel Coalessence
In this process, aa becomes a, oo becomes o, io becomes o, ia becomes a
Examples:
haha aŋgi hahaŋgi
mara an maran
paro obbun parobbun
maro on naron
inni on innon
inni an innan
4.2.7. Coalessence of Vowel and Consonant
In this process, hh and aa become h and a; pa and pa become pa; na and na become na; ta and ta become ta; and du and du become du.
Examples:
hea ‘ever’ hian hinan ‘upon a time’
paima ‘wait for’ paima paimaima ‘wait for a long time’
najolo ‘in the past’ najolo najolojolo ‘long time ago’
pataŋis ‘to make cry’ pataŋis papataŋis ‘to always make cry’
paduŋo ‘to wake up’ paduŋo papaduŋo ‘to remain to wake up’
4.2.8. Major Class Changes
A change of the stressed syllable changes the feature of every syllable and the word class. If the first word syllable receives the primary stress, then it has open front vowel /a/, and the second one without a stress has the close back vowel /u/. But if the second word syllable receives the primary, then it has the close central vowel /u/, and the first one without a stress has the open mid central vowel.
Examples:
‘bagas ba’gas
‘attuk at’tuk
‘bau ba’u
‘hau ha’u
‘daŋgur daŋ’gur
4.3. Weakenng and Strengthening
Weakening and Strengthening process in Batak Toba language can be classified into Syncope and Apocope, Vowel Reduction, Diphtongization, and Vowel Shift.
4.3.2. Syncope and Apocope
In this process, the open front vowel /a/ is deleted in a syllable receiving the primary stress. It changes the structure of the syllable from CV-CV-CVC into CCV-CVC.
Examples:
pa- + rarat ‘spread up’ prarat ‘to spread up’
pa- + rapat ‘close’ prapat ‘to get close’
pa- + rarak ‘plentiful’ prarak ‘to make plentiful’
pa- + rurus ‘drop all’ prurus ‘to drop all’
pa- + ruak ‘open up’ pruak ‘to open up’
pa- + rimas ‘bad temper’ primas ‘to get bad temper’
4.3.2. Vowel Reduction
In this process, the change the stress position changes the feature of the vowel in the unstressed syllable. The vowel in the unstressed syllable becomes schwa (the unstressed vowel).
Examples:
‘hau (N) ‘tree’ h ’u (Adj.) ‘bad’
‘ias (N) ‘cleaness’ i’as (Adj.) ‘clean’
‘lae (N) ‘nephew’ l ’e (Pro.) ‘greeting a nephew’
‘sae (Adj)‘complet’ s ’e (Adj.) ‘not perfect’
4.3.3. Diphthongization
In this process, the vowels /a/ and /u/; /a/ and /e/; /i/ and /a/ of a root having one syllable become the diphthong /au/, /ae/ and /ia/ in the stressed syllable, which is preceded by two unstressed syllables, in the new word formation.
Examples:
‘saut ‘become’ dipa’saut ‘to be done to become’
‘hau ‘tree’ dipa’hau ‘to be made bad’
‘sae ‘enough’ dipa’sae ‘to be completed’
‘liat ‘all over’ dipa’liat ‘to round’
4.4. Neutralization
Neutralization in Batak Toba Language can be classified into consonant neutralization and vowel neutralization.
4.4.1. Consonant Neutralization
Both consonants /b/, /m/, and /?/ in final the position of a streesed syllable together with /h/ in the initial position of the following unstressed syllable in a word formation become neutralized consonant /p/.
Examples:
‘dalgub ‘eat’ hon ‘you’ dal’guppon ‘Eat quickly!’
gal’dab ‘fall down’ hon ‘you’ gal’dappon ‘Fall down hard!’
‘sabam ‘patient ho’you’ sa’bappo ‘Be patient!’
‘ama? ‘carpet’ hu ‘my’ a’makku ‘my carpet’
4.4.2. Vowel Neutralization
In this process two contrast vowel in adjacent syllables of direct position become neutralized as a a diphthong.
Examples:
di- apus ‘wipe’ ‘diapus ‘to be wipen’
di- enet ‘take from’ ‘dienet ‘to be taken’
di- onan ‘market’ ‘dionan ‘in the market’
di- upa ‘reinforce’ ‘diupa ‘to be reinforced’
ta- enet ‘take from’ ‘taenet ‘we take’
ta- olat ‘drive away’ ‘taolat ‘We drive...away’
ta- upa ‘reinforce’ ‘taupa ‘We reinforce...’
ta- iŋot ‘remember’ ‘taiŋot ‘We remember’
tu- aek ‘river’ ‘tuaek ‘to the river’
tu- elim ‘name of a village’ ‘tuelim ‘to Elim’
tu- iŋuŋ ‘drink’ ‘tuiŋuŋ ‘to the nose’
tu- onan ‘market’ ‘tuonan ‘to the market’
5. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1. Conclusion
The phonological process in Batak Toba language can be classified intwo four types, they are assimilation, syllabic structure, weakening and strengthening, and neutralization.
Assimilation processes in the Batak Toba language can be classified into: 1. Consonant Assimilate Features; 2. Vowel Assimilates Consonant Features; 3. Consonant Assimilates Consonant Features; and 4. Vowel Assimilate Vowel Features.
Syllabic structure processes in Batak Toba language can be classified into consonant deletion, vowel deletion, Consonant insertion, vowel insertion, consonant Coalescence, vowel coalescence, coalescence of vowel and consonant, major class changes, and metathesis.
Weakening and Strengthening processes in Batak Toba language can be classified into Syncope and Apocope, Vowel Reduction, Diphtongization, and Vowel Shift.
Neutralization processes in Batak Toba Language can be classified into consonant neutralization and vowel neutralization
5.2. Suggestion
It is suggested to those who are interested in learning Batak toba language to consider the finding of this research as the basic information to study the phonological process of the language.
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Rosenberg, Jay F. and Travis, Charles. Readings in the Philosophy of Language. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc.1971. .
The International Phonetic Association. Hanbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet. Cambridge: The Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge.
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